Nursing Reference: Blood Physiology 1 Slide Transcript
Slide 1: Blood Physiology Rodolfo T. Rafael, M.D.,CFP http://clinical-updates.blogspot.com rtrafaelmd@gmail.com +639212147558 August 8, 2007 1
Slide 2: Blood Physiology General Consideration • Plasma • Cellular Elements of the Blood • August 8, 2007 2
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Slide 4: General Consideration unicellular organisms • • nutrition and excretion • volume of the extracellular environment greatly exceeds that of the cell multicellular organisms • • specialized tissue August 8, 2007 4
Slide 5: Unicellular Organism August 8, 2007 5
Slide 6: Functions of the Blood homeostasis • respiratory function • nutritive function • excretory function • transport internal secretions • helps maintain acid-base balance • maintenance of water and electrolyte imbalance and in • regulation of colloid and total osmotic pressure immunity to disease and protect the body against • bacteria regulation of the body temperature • August 8, 2007 6
Slide 7: Composition of the Blood Plasma • Formed Elements • August 8, 2007 7
Slide 8: Plasma Water • Plasma proteins • Blood sugar • Lipids • Inorganic salts • Special Plasma • Substances Gases • August 8, 2007 8
Slide 9: Water 91-92% • August 8, 2007 9
Slide 10: Plasma Proteins liver • albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, and prothrombin • Function • • maintenance of water balance • Imparts a viscosity to the blood • sources of antibodies • blood clotting • maintain acid-base balance August 8, 2007 10
Slide 11: Blood Sugar glucose • source of energy • August 8, 2007 11
Slide 12: Lipids neutral fats, cholesterol, and • phospholipids supply energy or stored as fat • August 8, 2007 12
Slide 13: Inorganic Salts Calcium ions and the Sodium ions • Salt ions (chlorides, bicarbonates, • phosphates, sulfates) Electrolytes (sodium, calcium, potassium, and magnesium) Calcium ions and phosphates • Iodides and Iron • August 8, 2007 13
Slide 14: Special Plasma Substances hormones • enzymes • clotting elements • antibodies • urea • uric acid • creatinine • August 8, 2007 14
Slide 15: Gases oxygen • carbon dioxide • nitrogen • August 8, 2007 15
Slide 16: Formed Elements Red Cell or Erythrocytes • WBC or Leucocytes • Blood Platelets or Thombocytes • August 8, 2007 16
Slide 17: Red Blood Cell Description • Normal Values • Red Cell Production • Red Blood Cell Destruction • Osmotic Fragility • Function of Erythrocytes • August 8, 2007 17
Slide 18: Description biconcave discs, 2µm thick 8μm in • diameter • deformable (PGE1, PGE2) • carry hemoglobin in circulation • 1 liter- 3ml of dissolved O2 • hemoglobin can transport 70 times this amount • 20 ml of O2 = 100ml of blood • non- nucleated August 8, 2007 18
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Slide 22: Normal Values Men 5-6 x 1012/L of blood • Women 4-5 x 1012/L of blood • Infants 6.5 x 1012/L of blood • Hemoglobin • • 120- 150g/L (female) • 140-170g/L (male) Erythrocyte (Hct) • • 0.38- 0.48 (female) • 0.40- 0.50 (male) August 8, 2007 22
Slide 23: Red Cell Production yolk sac of the embryo • • few weeks liver, spleen, lymph node • • middle trimester bone marrow of skull, vertebrae, ribs, • sternum • later part of pregnancy August 8, 2007 23
Slide 24: Erythropoiesis Hemocytoblast basophil erythroblast polychromatophil erythroblast normoblast reticulocyte erythrocytes August 8, 2007 24
Slide 25: FeedBack Control inhibited • • supernormal level stimulated • • anemia • hypoxemia controlled • • erythropoetin August 8, 2007 25
Slide 26: Hypoxemia kidney liver REF Globulin Erythropoietin Stem cells Erythrocytes August 8, 2007 26
Slide 27: Red Blood Cell Destruction Life span • • 120 days • Destruction • 2.5M/sec • 1% of red cells/day • Spleen • Mechanical and Chemical stresses • friction August 8, 2007 27
Slide 28: Osmotic Fragility hypertonic solution • hypotonic solution • isotonic solution • Fragility Index • • 0.45-0.38% NaCL • 0.36- 0.30% NaCl August 8, 2007 28
Slide 29: Primary Function of Erythrocytes transport hemoglobin • • carries oxygen • carbon dioxide August 8, 2007 29
Slide 30: White Blood Cell Description • Classes of Leucocytes • Normal Values • Origin • Life span • Function of Leucocytes • August 8, 2007 30
Slide 31: Description nucleated • August 8, 2007 31
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Slide 33: Classes of Leucocytes non-granular • • lymphocytes • monocytes granular • • neutrophils • basophils • eosinophils August 8, 2007 33
Slide 34: Normal Values WBC 5-10 x 109/L of blood • basophils 0.005 • eosinophils 0.02-0.04 • stabs 0.02 – 0.04 • segmenters 0.45- 0.65 • lymphocytes 0.20- 0.35 • monocytes 0.02- 0.06 • August 8, 2007 34
Slide 35: Origin granular • • red bone marrow non- granular • • lymphatic tissue (lymph nodes, tonsils, payer’s patches, spleen and thymus) August 8, 2007 35
Slide 36: Life span Granulocytes • • two weeks Large lymphocytes • • 2-3 days small ones • • 100-200 days August 8, 2007 36
Slide 37: Function of Leucocytes Neutrophils • • phagocytic Lymphocytes • • non phagocytes • immune reactions • antibodies • tissue transplant Monocytes • • phagocytic • combating chronic infection August 8, 2007 37
Slide 38: Monocytes arrive at the site of infection few organelles form these organelles small granules rough endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes synthesize enzymes used to digest material ingested by monocytes August 8, 2007 38
Slide 39: Eosinophils • phagocytic • allergic reaction Antibody react with antigen inactivate it eosinophil gets rid of inactivated complex August 8, 2007 39
Slide 40: Basophils • heparin • phagocytes August 8, 2007 40
Slide 41: Blood Platelets Description • Normal Values • Origin • Life span • Functions • August 8, 2007 41
Slide 42: Description small • colorless bodies • 2-4 microns in diameter • August 8, 2007 42
Slide 43: Normal Values 200-400 x 109/L • thrombocytopenia • August 8, 2007 43
Slide 44: Origin megakaryocytes • August 8, 2007 44
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Slide 46: Life Span 4-5 days • August 8, 2007 46
Slide 47: Function white thrombus or a platelet plug • thromboplastin essential for • blood coagulation Serotonin • Helps in clot retraction • August 8, 2007 47
Slide 48: Platelet Aggregation occurs before clotting • agglutination on platelets depend on • several factors: • rate of flow • size of the blood vessel • character of the vessel wall • presence of ADP August 8, 2007 48
Slide 49: A + P ADP Acts as local hormone Calcium Cause rapid platelet aggregation Platelet Adhere August 8, 2007 49
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Slide 51: Thank You! For Not Listening August 8, 2007 51
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